References
- Alghamdi, E. A. (2015). The presentation of Islam in western media.International journals of applied linguistics English literature, 4(3), 198-204.
- Booth, L. (2019), Finding Peace in the Holy Land, Kube Publishing
- Brown, J. V. (2019) Terrorism in context: The stories we tell ourselves. Honors College. 486.
- Charles, K. (2011) http://sanford.duke.edu/centers/tcths/abo ut/documents/Kurzman_Muslim- American_Terrorism_Since_911_An_Ac counting.pdf
- Coyne, C. J. &Leeson, T. L., (2004) Read All About It! Understanding the role of media in economic development, International Review of Social Sciences, 57 (1), 21-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023- 5962.2004.00241.x2
- Eid, M. (2014) Perceptions about Muslims in Western Societies: Re-Imagining the Other. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137403667_ 6
- Fox News (2019, March 15). Mass shooting at mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand (Video). Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=KW5ldz52pwQ
- Grossberg, l., Wartella, E., & Whitney, D. C. (1998)Media Making - Mass media in a popular culture, London: Sage Publications Inc.
- Hardy, R. (2004). Reporting Islam.Media representation of British Muslims.Journal of Islamic Studies, Volume 15, Issue 1, January 2004, Pages 137- 139, https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/15.1.137
- Miller, A. H., Goldenberg, E.N., &Erbing, L. (1979) Type Set Politics: Impact of newspapers on public confidence. American Political Science Review, Vol. 73, No. 1, 67-84
- Miro-Llinares, F., & Rodriguez-Sala, J. J. (2016). Cyber hate speech on Twitter: Analyzing disruptive events from social media to build a violent communication and hate speech taxonomy. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, 11(3), 406-415. https://doi.org/10.2495/DNE-V11-N3- 406-415
- Muslim Public Affairs Council. (2011) Data on post-9/11 terrorism in the United States. https://www.mpac.org/assets/docs/public ations/MPAC-Post-911-Terrorism- Data.pdf
- Norris, P. (2001) A Virtuous Circle. Political communications in post-industrial societies Cambridge University Press
- Poole, E. & Richardson, J. E. (2006) Muslims and the News Media, Bloomsbury Academic
- Ramlan., TengkuErwinsyahbana & Hakim, N. (2016). The concept of Jihad in Islam.IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, Vol. 21, 9, 35-42 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
- Rehman, S. &Qamar, A. (2017).The framing of Muslims and Islam in international media. Journal of peace development & communication.01(02). 72-95
- Saleem, A., Rizvi, W.R.R., & Saleem, M. (2019, Spring). Role of Radio Pakistan in advancing socio-economic development in rural areas. Global Regional Review (GRR), IV(II), pp. 359-63.
- Shahid, N. (2020) Influence of media on public perceptions: Case study of Pakistan's nuclear program, Journal Of Security & Strategic Analyses JSSA, Vol. V, No. 1. 70-98
- Umber, DS.&Ghauri, D. M. J. (2020). Representation of Islam and Muslims in the Australian newspapers: Exploring the predominant discourses. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3235 0/jitc.102.08
- Van Spanje, J., & de Vreese, C. (2015). The good, the bad and the voter: The impact of hate speech prosecution of a politician on electoral support for his party. Party Politics, 21(1), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688124725 53
- Vox (2015, January 13). It's not just Fox News: Islamophobia on cable news is out of control. https://www.vox.com/2014/10/8/6918485 /the-overt-islamophobia-on-american-tv- news-is-out-of-control
- Alghamdi, E. A. (2015). The presentation of Islam in western media.International journals of applied linguistics English literature, 4(3), 198-204.
- Booth, L. (2019), Finding Peace in the Holy Land, Kube Publishing
- Brown, J. V. (2019) Terrorism in context: The stories we tell ourselves. Honors College. 486.
- Charles, K. (2011) http://sanford.duke.edu/centers/tcths/abo ut/documents/Kurzman_Muslim- American_Terrorism_Since_911_An_Ac counting.pdf
- Coyne, C. J. &Leeson, T. L., (2004) Read All About It! Understanding the role of media in economic development, International Review of Social Sciences, 57 (1), 21-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023- 5962.2004.00241.x2
- Eid, M. (2014) Perceptions about Muslims in Western Societies: Re-Imagining the Other. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137403667_ 6
- Fox News (2019, March 15). Mass shooting at mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand (Video). Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=KW5ldz52pwQ
- Grossberg, l., Wartella, E., & Whitney, D. C. (1998)Media Making - Mass media in a popular culture, London: Sage Publications Inc.
- Hardy, R. (2004). Reporting Islam.Media representation of British Muslims.Journal of Islamic Studies, Volume 15, Issue 1, January 2004, Pages 137- 139, https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/15.1.137
- Miller, A. H., Goldenberg, E.N., &Erbing, L. (1979) Type Set Politics: Impact of newspapers on public confidence. American Political Science Review, Vol. 73, No. 1, 67-84
- Miro-Llinares, F., & Rodriguez-Sala, J. J. (2016). Cyber hate speech on Twitter: Analyzing disruptive events from social media to build a violent communication and hate speech taxonomy. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, 11(3), 406-415. https://doi.org/10.2495/DNE-V11-N3- 406-415
- Muslim Public Affairs Council. (2011) Data on post-9/11 terrorism in the United States. https://www.mpac.org/assets/docs/public ations/MPAC-Post-911-Terrorism- Data.pdf
- Norris, P. (2001) A Virtuous Circle. Political communications in post-industrial societies Cambridge University Press
- Poole, E. & Richardson, J. E. (2006) Muslims and the News Media, Bloomsbury Academic
- Ramlan., TengkuErwinsyahbana & Hakim, N. (2016). The concept of Jihad in Islam.IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, Vol. 21, 9, 35-42 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
- Rehman, S. &Qamar, A. (2017).The framing of Muslims and Islam in international media. Journal of peace development & communication.01(02). 72-95
- Saleem, A., Rizvi, W.R.R., & Saleem, M. (2019, Spring). Role of Radio Pakistan in advancing socio-economic development in rural areas. Global Regional Review (GRR), IV(II), pp. 359-63.
- Shahid, N. (2020) Influence of media on public perceptions: Case study of Pakistan's nuclear program, Journal Of Security & Strategic Analyses JSSA, Vol. V, No. 1. 70-98
- Umber, DS.&Ghauri, D. M. J. (2020). Representation of Islam and Muslims in the Australian newspapers: Exploring the predominant discourses. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3235 0/jitc.102.08
- Van Spanje, J., & de Vreese, C. (2015). The good, the bad and the voter: The impact of hate speech prosecution of a politician on electoral support for his party. Party Politics, 21(1), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688124725 53
- Vox (2015, January 13). It's not just Fox News: Islamophobia on cable news is out of control. https://www.vox.com/2014/10/8/6918485 /the-overt-islamophobia-on-american-tv- news-is-out-of-control
Cite this article
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APA : Saleem, N., Chaudhary, M. U., & Ashfaq, F. (2021). Portrayal of Islam and Muslims in Western Media: A Study of Fox News. Global Mass Communication Review, VI(I), 108-116. https://doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).09
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CHICAGO : Saleem, Nadia, Muhammad Umair Chaudhary, and Fiza Ashfaq. 2021. "Portrayal of Islam and Muslims in Western Media: A Study of Fox News." Global Mass Communication Review, VI (I): 108-116 doi: 10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).09
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HARVARD : SALEEM, N., CHAUDHARY, M. U. & ASHFAQ, F. 2021. Portrayal of Islam and Muslims in Western Media: A Study of Fox News. Global Mass Communication Review, VI, 108-116.
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MHRA : Saleem, Nadia, Muhammad Umair Chaudhary, and Fiza Ashfaq. 2021. "Portrayal of Islam and Muslims in Western Media: A Study of Fox News." Global Mass Communication Review, VI: 108-116
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MLA : Saleem, Nadia, Muhammad Umair Chaudhary, and Fiza Ashfaq. "Portrayal of Islam and Muslims in Western Media: A Study of Fox News." Global Mass Communication Review, VI.I (2021): 108-116 Print.
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OXFORD : Saleem, Nadia, Chaudhary, Muhammad Umair, and Ashfaq, Fiza (2021), "Portrayal of Islam and Muslims in Western Media: A Study of Fox News", Global Mass Communication Review, VI (I), 108-116
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TURABIAN : Saleem, Nadia, Muhammad Umair Chaudhary, and Fiza Ashfaq. "Portrayal of Islam and Muslims in Western Media: A Study of Fox News." Global Mass Communication Review VI, no. I (2021): 108-116. https://doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).09