ARTICLE

SECURITIZATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF STOPISLAM IN TWITTER

  1. HOME
  2. ARTICLE

14 Pages : 186-203

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2020(V-IV).14      10.31703/gmcr.2020(V-IV).14      Published : Dec 2020

Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter

Abstract

    The main objective of this paper is to examine the securitization of Islam and Muslims on Twitter. Therefore, whether and to what extent securitized images of Islam and Muslims have been produced on Twitter and to analyze the dominant securitized themes and their sub-dimensions. The methodology used for this purpose consisted of quantitative and qualitative analysis and analyzed hashtags #stopislam trending on Twitter. It was found that #stopislam produced securitized images of Islam and Muslims. Totalitarianism as a sub-dimension of ideological threat in the context of Securitization of Islam is dominating than Sharia Law and Jihadism while no evidence has been found in Whahabism Category. Similarly, in the existential threat category in the securitization of Muslims sub-dimension, general Muslims are dominating than Women's, immigrants and refugees on #stopislam. #stopislm produced less neutral and favoring Muslims Tweets evident that hashtag produced securitized images of Islam and Muslims.

    Islam, Muslims, Securitization, Islamophobia, Twitter, Anti Islam, Anti Muslims Social Media

    (1) Raja Arslan Ahmad Khan
    MS, Department of Media and Communication studies, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (2) Mudassar Hussain Shah
    Assistant Professor, Department of Communication and Media Studies, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Noor ul Bashar Ahmad
    MS Scholar, Department of Media and Communication studies, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Fulltext PDF

References

  • Ahmed, M. I. (2020). Representation of Islam and muslims on social media: a discourse analysis of facebook. Journal of Media Critiques.
  • Asad, T. (2003). Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Back, M. D. (2010). Facebook profiles reflect actual personality, not self-idealization. Psychological Science, 21, 372-374.
  • Balzac. (2010). Honoré de Balzac . French Studies, Volume 64, Issue 4, 463-470, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/knq107.
  • Bonansinga. (2018).
  • CAP. (2011). Understanding Sharia Law Conservatives' Skewed Interpretation Needs Debunking.
  • Cesari, J. (2012). Securitization of Islam in Europe. Die Welt Des Islams, 52(3/4), 430-449. Retrieved January 6, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41722006.
  • Clarke, S. (2003). Social theory, psychoanalysis and racism. . London: Palgrave.
  • Douglas, K. (2005). Understanding Cyberhate: Social Competition and Social Creativity in Online White Supremacist Groups. Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), 68-76.
  • Dunn, K. M. (2001). 'Representations of Islam in the Politics of Mosque Development in Sydney'. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 92(3), 291 - 308.
  • Eid, M. ( 2014). Perceptions about Muslims in western societies. In M. E. Karim, Re-imagining the other: Culture, media, and western-Muslim intersections (pp. (pp. 99-120)). NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ekman, M. (2015). Online Islamophobia and the Politics of Fear: Manufacturing the Green Scare. Ethnic and Racial Studies 38, 1986-2002.
  • El-Aswad, E. (2013). Images of Muslims in Western Scholarship and Media after 9/11. Digest of Middle East Studies - Volume 22, Number 1 -, 39-56.
  • EUMC. (2002). EUMC, Anti-Islamic Reactions within the European Union after the Acts of Terror against the USA.Country Report of the Netherlands r 2001,Vienna: EUMC, 2002.
  • European, I. R. (2016, April). December 2017, Available online: http: //www.islamophobiaeurope.com
  • Evolvi, G. (2018). Hate in a Tweet: Exploring Internet-Based Islamophobic Discourses. Journal of Religion, 9,307.
  • FAIR. (2001). Introduction of the Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism. Retrieved March 20, 2020, from www.fairuk.org
  • Feldman, M. (2012). From Radical-right Islamophobia to ‘Cumulative Extremism. Faith. Retrieved December 2017, from http://faith-matters.org/images/pdf/islamophobia.pdf.
  • Halliday. (1999). Islam and the Myth of Confrontation. 1st ed. New York: I. B. Tauris Publishers.
  • Hirsi, A. A. (2010). Nomad: From Islam to America. New York: Simon & Schuster Publishers.
  • Hoffman. (2015). http:// nationalinterest.org/print/feature/isis-here-return-the-jihadi-14600?page=4
  • Iqbal, Z. (2010). Islamophobia or Islamophobias: Towards Developing a Process Model. Islamic Studies 49, no. 1, 81-101.
  • Iqbal, Z. (2020). Islamophobia: History, Context and Deconstruction. Uk: SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd ISBN: 9789353286958.
  • Jaishankar, K. (2008). Cyber Hate: Antisocial networking in the internet. International Journal of Ctber Criminology, 16-20.
  • Jilani, Z. (2011, February 2011). http://thinkprogress.org/2011/02/08/Sharia-states/
  • Leibold, J. (2010). Xenophobia and Islamophobia: Facts about the relationship between general and specific prejudices. In T. G. Schneiders, Islamfeindlichkeit (pp. pp. 149-158). Wiesbaden, Germany: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
  • Mama, T. (2016). A Constructed Threat: Identity, Prejudice, and the Impact of Anti-Muslim Hatred. London: Tell Mama Annual Report.
  • Mirza. (2013). Embodying the Veil: Muslim Women and Gendered Islamophobia in ‘New Times'. In: Gross Z., Davies L., Diab AK. (eds) Gender, Religion and Education in a Chaotic Postmodern World. Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Mullen, E. (2004). Political tolerance and coming to psychological closure following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks: An integrative approach. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 30, 743-756.
  • Oswald, D. (2005). Understanding anti-Arab reactions post-9/11: The role of threats, social categories, and personal ideologies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 35, 1775-1799.
  • Richnovska. (2014). Securitization and the Power of Threat Framing. Perspectives: Review of International Affairs 22 (2), 9-32.
  • Runnymede, T. (1997). Islamophobia - Islamophobia: A challenge for us all. The Runnymede Trust. Available online: . United Kingdom: Runnymede Trust. http: //www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/islamophobia.pdf
  • Sabri, C. (2012). Islamophobia and Threat Perceptions: Explaining Anti Muslim Sentiment in the West. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol. 32(3).
  • Safi, L. (1996). Islam and the Global Challenge: Dealing With Distortion of the Image of Islam by Global Media. Islamic Studies, Vol. 35, No. 2, 191-202.
  • Schmid, A. (2016). http://dx.doi. org/10.19165/2016.1.04.
  • Shadid. (2002). Legacy Of The Prophet: Despots, Democrats, And The New Politics Of Islam . Amazon.
  • Uenal, F. (2016). Disentangling Islamophobia: The Differential Effects of Symbolic, Realistic,and Terroristic Threat Perceptions as Mediators Between Social Dominance Orientation and Islamophobia. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 2016, Vol. 4(1), 66-90, doi:10.5964/jspp.v4i1.463.
  • Van Rythoven, E. (2015).
  • Vogel, D. (2008). Highly Active Immigrants. A Resource for European Civil Societies, Frankfurt: Peter Lang, p. 18.
  • Wæver. (2003).
  • Williams, M. (2003).
  • Wohlfeld. (2014). Is migration a security issue. 61-77, Msida, Malta: MEDAC.

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Khan, R. A. A., Shah, M. H., & Ahmad, N. u. B. (2020). Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter. Global Mass Communication Review, V(IV), 186-203. https://doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2020(V-IV).14

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Khan, Raja Arslan Ahmad, Mudassar Hussain Shah, and Noor ul Bashar Ahmad. 2020. "Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter." Global Mass Communication Review, V (IV): 186-203 doi: 10.31703/gmcr.2020(V-IV).14

HARVARD

    HARVARD : KHAN, R. A. A., SHAH, M. H. & AHMAD, N. U. B. 2020. Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter. Global Mass Communication Review, V, 186-203.

MHRA

    MHRA : Khan, Raja Arslan Ahmad, Mudassar Hussain Shah, and Noor ul Bashar Ahmad. 2020. "Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter." Global Mass Communication Review, V: 186-203

MLA

    MLA : Khan, Raja Arslan Ahmad, Mudassar Hussain Shah, and Noor ul Bashar Ahmad. "Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter." Global Mass Communication Review, V.IV (2020): 186-203 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Khan, Raja Arslan Ahmad, Shah, Mudassar Hussain, and Ahmad, Noor ul Bashar (2020), "Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter", Global Mass Communication Review, V (IV), 186-203

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Khan, Raja Arslan Ahmad, Mudassar Hussain Shah, and Noor ul Bashar Ahmad. "Securitization of Islam and Muslims Through Social Media: A Content Analysis of Stopislam in Twitter." Global Mass Communication Review V, no. IV (2020): 186-203. https://doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2020(V-IV).14