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Volume-VI

, Issue-I

(WINTER 2021)

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01 - Effects of Horror Movies on Psychological Health of Youth

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).01
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).01      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    The current study is an explanatory study on the effects of watching horror movies on the psychological health of teenagers in the city area of Faisalabad. Researchers tried to explain the mental health and psychological problems like phobias, nightmares, sleep disorder, harsh behavior etc., in teenagers and their preferences of movies watching. The study explains that the majority of teenagers ar... Details

    Psychological Health, Youth, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Horror Movies, Anxiety, Fear, Stress

    (1) Irem Sultana
    Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Arshad Ali
    Assistant Professor, Center for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Ifra Iftikhar
    Associate Professor, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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02 - Media as an Instrument of Hybrid Warfare: A Case Study of Pakistan

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).02
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).02      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    This paper aims to analyze the role of media as an instrument of Hybrid warfare to shape public opinion and to see its impact on different organs of state. 21st Century dawned alongside an emerging form of warfare called Hybrid Warfare, one which in its nature and character is remarkably diverse and whose scope extends beyond conventional elements of war, that is to say, domain, adversary, objecti... Details

    Hybrid Warfare, Media, Social Media, Perception, Pakistan

    (1) Haseeb Ur Rehman Warrich
    Associate Professor, Department of Arts & Media, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (2) Muhammad Waqas Haider
    MA Conflict Resolution and Peace Studies, Lancaster University, United Kingdom.
    (3) Tahir Mahmood Azad
    Visiting Research Fellow, Centre for Science & Security Studies (CSSS), War Studies Department, King's College London.
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03 - Social Responsibility of Media in Pakistan: Exploring the Audience Perception

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).03
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).03      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    Media has some fundamental regulations, laws and ethics along with social responsibility to ensure the privacy of the public. Pakistani media is usually considered to be lacking in abiding by such responsibilities. This article aims to investigate that to what extent Pakistani media is socially responsible. It further explores audience perception regarding the erosion of culture through inappropri... Details

    Social Responsibility, Media Outlets, PEMRA, Media Ethics, Sensationalism, Political Economy of Media

    (1) Shahid Hussain
    Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (2) Qasim Shukkar
    Department of Media Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (3) Farrukh Shahzad
    Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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04 - Digital Ascendancy and Madrasah Education: The Influence of Media Technology on

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).04
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).04      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    The present research explores the phenomenological reflections on the everyday life of madrasah students to comprehend their life-worlds in the context of growing media technology in Pakistan and how religious personalities on media influence the lifeworlds of madrasah students? This ethnographic research was conducted in Ahl-e-Hadith Madrasah, located in Rawalpindi. The research design employed p... Details

    Madrasah, Media, Islam, Life-Worlds, World Views, Everyday Life

    (1) Muneeba Khusnood
    Department of Anthropology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Muhammad Bilal
    Head, Department of Anthropology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Tasmia Jahangir
    Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.
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05 - Coverage of Political News in Tweets of International News Agencies: A Comparati

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).05
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).05      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    This article attempts to study the flow of political news in tweets of four international news agencies: AP, AFP, Reuters and Xinhua, for 7 years from 2010 to 2016. Theoretically, the study takes its roots from the World System Theory of Immanuel Wallerstein. We used the content analysis method and examined the coverage of political news about 15 world countries (five core countries, five semi-per... Details

    Political News Coverage, News Tweets, World System Theory, International News Agencies

    (1) Muhammad Usman Saeed
    Lecturer, Department of Media and Communication, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot Campus, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Mudassar Hussain Shah
    Assistant Professor, Department of Communication and Media Studies, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Raza Waqas Ahmad
    PhD Scholar, Department of Media and Communication Studies, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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06 - Printed Versus Electronic Books: Uses and Preference of Mass Media Students in

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).06
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).06      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    This study is an exertion to determine the preference of university students regarding the usage of electronic books. Postulates of displacement theory were applied to find out the reasons behind students' adoption of online mode of reading and its effects on learning outcome. The study has examined that if the printed books will be totally replaced by the electronic version or not. A sample of 15... Details

    Printed Books, E-books, Reading, Students

    (1) Shazia Ismail Toor
    Assistant Professor, Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Ayesha Ashfaq
    Associate Professor, Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Muqaddas Ilyas
    Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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07 - Impact of Islamabad Traffic Police FM Radio in Adoption of Road Safety Measures

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).07
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).07      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    Islamabad Traffic Police FM 92.4 radio station is specifically designed to create road safety awareness along with entertainment for drivers of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. This study is survey-based research and a short study of ITP radio traffic awareness content and popular shows. The sample size was 300 drivers of Islamabad. With the help of the purposive sampling technique, the data wa... Details

    Traffic Awareness, Drivers, Road Safety ITP FM Radio, Islamabad

    (1) Shahid Hussain
    Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (2) Wasim Iqbal
    Programme Manager, Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (3) Farrukh Shahzad
    Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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08 - Newspapers in Peril: Rationalizing the Economic Challenges of Novel Coronavirus

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).08
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).08      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    Mass media play a decisive role in distributing health knowledge and awareness about health diseases. Covid-19 has been measured as the most dangerous health hazard of the 21st century that has constituted social, environmental and financial perils for humanity, including the media outlets. However, the Pakistani newspaper industry was already witnessing a decline in its readership and coronavirus... Details

    Covid-19, Economic Effects, Journalists, Newspaper Industry, Regional Newspapers

    (1) Farheen Qasim Nizamani
    Assistant Professor, Department of Media & Communication Studies, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.
    (2) Muhammad Qasim Nizamani
    Assistant Professor, Department of Media & Communication Studies, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.
    (3) Sikandar Hussain Soomro
    Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.
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09 - Portrayal of Islam and Muslims in Western Media: A Study of Fox News

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).09
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).09      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    The study is aimed to analyze the portrayal of Islam and Muslims through the content that is being disseminated by western media all over the world. Nowadays, the perception about any nation, religion, and society is building through media perspective. Media is playing a major role to bring peace, war, and alliance among the nations of the world. The mediated propaganda by western media is leading... Details

    Portrayal, Islamophobia, Stigma, Labeling, Western Media

    (1) Nadia Saleem
    PhD Scholar, School of Media and Mass Communication, Beaconhouse National University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Muhammad Umair Chaudhary
    Assistant Professor (IPFP Fellow), Department of Mass Communication, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Fiza Ashfaq
    MSc Student, Department of Mass Communication, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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10 - Social Media and Religious Minorities: Analyzing the Usage of Facebook Groups am

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).10
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).10      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    The issues of religious, ethnic and racial minorities are one of the major problems in modern democratic states where the majority governs. The article finds out the role of religious Facebook groups in highlighting the issues of the Christian minority. The objectives were to observe the reasons of participation, level of dependence and the nature of effects of online discussions of Facebook group... Details

    Facebook Groups, Christian minority, usage, issues, Pakistan

    (1) Sumera Batool
    Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Saba Sultana
    Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication and Media, University of Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Sana Tariq
    MS Fellow, Depart of Mass Communication, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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11 - Psychological effects of Terrorism on News Reporters: A Case Study of Peshawar P

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).11
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).11      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    The objective of this study is to determine the frequency and severity of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms in journalists of Peshawar. A self-report 17-items questionnaire based on PTSD civilian version (PCL-C) was administered to 252 working journalists of Peshawar Press Clubs. The findings revealed that 17.3% of journalists exhibit extreme while 31.1% show higher PTSD symptoms. Sin... Details

    PTSD, War and Conflicts, Working Journalists, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

    (1) Ajmal Khan
    MS International Journalism, Communication University of China, (Beijing).
    (2) Raja Arslan Ahmad Khan
    MS Media and Communication Studies, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (3) Mamoona Ismail Loona
    Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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12 - Analyzing Negativity in Democratic Media Setup: Case Study of PDM

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).12
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).12      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    Negativity is a widespread concept in media and literature. The study attempt to analyze negativity in Pakistan's news media from the perspective of PDM (Pakistan Democratic Movement). The study applied standardized operationalization of the concept by Lengauer, Esser, and Berganza (2012). The negativity index includes tonality, pessimistic outlook, conflict centeredness, incapability, and actor r... Details

    Pakistan Democratic Movement, Negativity, Commercial Media, Democratic Setup

    (1) Yasmin Jamali
    Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Media and Communication Studies, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (2) Shabbir Hussain
    Associate Professor, Department of Media Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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13 - Investigating the Priorities of Youth for the Selection of Media for News Consum

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).13
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).13      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    This study examined the priority of a young generation regarding the selection of medium for news consumption of Multan city. The rationale of the research was to explore the authority of Social Networking Medium (SNM) and explored the comparison between both genders about the consumption of media for repeated information seeking. Moreover, a survey questionnaire methodology used to explore the pr... Details

    Young Generation, (SNM) Social Networking Medium, Traditional Media (Print Media)

    (1) Hannan Khan Tareen
    PhD Scholar, Department of Media Studies, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Nazmine
    PhD Scholar, Department of Communication Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Manan Khan Tareen
    Research Scholar, Department of Communication Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
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14 - Transposition Inertia at Tertiary Level: The Impact of Online Entertainment Via

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).14
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).14      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    This paper examines the impact of online entertainment media on privacy, safety, psychological wellbeing and academic achievements of youth through the smart phones. The authors reviewed literature on excessive use of social media, business and marketing industries by Chris Anderson, Rasmous Kleis Neilson, Lijun Zhou, Kathleen Van Royen, Karolien Poels, Heidi Vandebosch, Philippe Adam, William G. ... Details

    Media Landscape, Entertainment, Social Media, and Tertiary Education, Impact of Social Media on Privacy, Safety, Psychological Wellbeing and Educational Achievement of Youth

    (1) Muhammad Farrukh
    PhD Scholar, School of Media & Mass Communication, Beaconhouse National University and Lecturer, School of Creative Arts, University of Lahore (UOL) Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Wajiha Raza Rizvi
    Associate Professor, School of Media & Mass Communication, Beaconhouse National University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Abul Hassan
    Lecturer, School of Media & Communication Studies, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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15 - Social Media and Tourism Industry: A Comparative Analysis of Effects of Facebook

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).15
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).15      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    The study attempts to assess the difference in the effect of social media content of tour companies of Lahore on promoting tourism. The study used a comparative research design in order to compare the effects of social media content, in particular Facebook. A detailed literature review was presented, and data was collected from the tourists who have used the Facebook pages of selected tour compani... Details

    Tourism Promotion through Facebook Pages, Social Media Marketing, Social Media use by Tour Companies

    (1) Zowaina Azhar
    Lecturer, Department of Communication and Media Studies, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Abdul Rehman Qaisar
    Assistant Professor, Department of Communication and Media Studies, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Misha Akash
    Lecturer (Visiting), Department of Communication and Media Studies, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.
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16 - Do International News Agencies Set the Agenda of Pakistani English Newspapers? A

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).16
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).16      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    The aim of this study is to measure the reliance of the Pakistani English press on international news agencies. Quantitative content analysis was done to see the level of reliance. A ten-year period has been selected for analysis starting from 9/11. International pages of three English newspapers were selected. The results indicated that there is very small contribution of the newspapers in the ca... Details

    Developed Countries, Developing Nations, Foreign Content, Media, Imperialism, Peripheral

    (1) Lubna Shaheen
    Assistant Professor, Department of Higher Education, Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Muhammad Naseem Anwar
    Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Rawalpindi Woman University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Rashid Ishaq
    Lecturer, Department of JMC, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, KP, Pakistan.
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17 - Economic Recession in the Media Industry and Survival of the KPK's Journalists

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).17
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).17      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    Media was hit by the economic recession of 2018-19, and hundreds of media workers lost their jobs, but at the same time, many journalists survived. This study is focused on how the journalists in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) survived during this media crisis and how they equipped themselves to face the challenges faced by them. Their approach towards the recession was positive, and they also accepted ... Details

    Economic Recession, Journalists' Survival, Diversified Content, Capacity Enhancement, Technical Skills

    (1) Muhammad Faheem
    Research Scholar, Department of Media Studies and Communication, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (2) Muhammad Junaid Ghauri
    Lecturer, Department of Media and Communication Studies, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (3) Ramal Ijaz
    Research Scholar, Department of Mass Communication, National University of Science and Technology Islamabad, Pakistan.
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18 - Social Media Usage and Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Study in Pakistan

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).18
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).18      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    Excessive social media usage can be harmful to the mental health of individuals. The core objective of the study was to inspect the effects of social media usage on mental health. Secondly, to find out the mean differences of gender, social media and mental health. A cross-sectional research design was utilized to fulfil the study objectives. n=1067 students from six different universities in Punj... Details

    Social Media, Youth, Mental Health, Pakistan, Gender

    (1) Muhammad Ramzan Pahore
    Assistant Professor, Department of Media & Communication Studies, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.
    (2) Malik Adnan
    Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Muhammad Basharat Hameed
    Community Awareness Officer, Punjab Emergency Service, Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan.
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19 - The Negative Role of Social Media to Create Anxiety in University Students Amids

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).19
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).19      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    The purpose of the study is to explore the negative role of social media on university students mental health amidst digitalized COVID-19 setting that throbs excruciating pain, fear, anxiety, stress and depression. The quantitative and qualitative data were collected from the Department of English students of a public university in Punjab, Pakistan. The findings reveal that students' are engaged d... Details

    Social Media, Negative Role, Emotions, Creativity, COVID-19

    (1) Humaira Irfan
    Associate Professor, Department of English, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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20 - Role of Social Media in Promoting Feministic Consciousness

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).20
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).20      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    This study measures the role of social media in promoting feministic consciousness among females of Multan. Feminism and the awareness for the rights of women in Pakistan have been shaping themselves for a long. The link between the campaigns of women and the state of Pakistan has undertaken many shifts from mutual accommodation and necessary philosophical arguments out openly and dispute, which i... Details

    Feminism, Social Media, Social Status

    (1) Muhammad Ahsan Bhatti
    Assistant Professor, Department of Communication Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Chaudhary Husnain Yousaf
    MPhil Scholar, Department of Communication Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Aqsa Iram Shehzadi
    Assistant Professor, Department of Communication Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
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21 - The Impact of Social Media on the Freedom Movement in Indian held Kashmir

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).21
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).21      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    The contemporary phase of the youth-led freedom movement in Indian Held Kashmir (IHK) is not confined to the armed rebellion by the Kashmiri youth but is also coupled with a non-violent approach using social media against the atrocities and human rights violations such as systematic torture, rape, extrajudicial killing, and prisoner abuse, by the committed by the Indian armed forces. Victims' stor... Details

    Kashmir Issue; Freedom Movement, Social Movements, Social Media, Frames Analysis, Media Framing

    (1) Bilal Aslam
    PhD Scholar, Department of Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Shabnam Gul
    Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Muhammad Faizan Asgher
    MPhil, Peace & Counter Terrorism Studies, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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22 - Impact of TV Talk Shows on Political Efficacy of University Students of Pakistan

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).22
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).22      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    The aim of the study is to assess the impact of political talk shows on television on the political efficacy of the viewers. Mediation analysis was conducted to investigate if trust on political information gained from TV talk shows' affects political efficacy of the viewers. Moreover, how much political perception about political issues, government and politicians influence individuals' political... Details

    TV Talk Shows, Political Efficacy, Political Perception, Media Trust

    (1) Ifra Iftikhar
    Associate Professor, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Irem Sultana
    Assistant Professor, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Samina Tanveer
    M.Phil. Scholar, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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23 - The Effect of News TV Channels Coverage During Pandemic Covid -19 on Youth in Pa

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).23
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).23      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    The COVID-19 pandemic has had an effect on everyone's health, safety, and everyday lives. Because of the biological and psychological changes that arise during this developmental phase, youth can be especially vulnerable to this sudden disturbance in their lives. The COVID 19 crisis is a global pandemic that is having a range of impacts on every individual throughout the world as well as Pakistani... Details

    Covid-19 Pandemic, Youth of Pakistan, Electronic Media

    (1) Aemen Khalid
    Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Muhammad Bilal Nawaz
    Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore College for Women University, Jhang Campus, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Javeria Nazeer
    Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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24 - Climate Change Effects on Water Resources and Need of Dams in Pakistan

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).24
10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).24      Published : Mar 2021

Abstract

    Climate change is a global phenomenon; its outcome affects societies around the world. Climate change has become the greatest severe issue of the 21st century. Climate change has a large influence on the atmosphere, farming, health zone, flood, ecology, marine and water levels in Pakistan. When these environmental changes affect the natural system, they may affect the living being indirectly or di... Details

    Pakistan, Global Warming, Water Resources, Need of Dams

    (1) Tanveer Hussain
    Assistant Professor, School of Media and Communication Studies, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Abdul Basit
    Lecturer, School of Media and Communication Studies, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Muhammad Naeem Javed
    Chairperson/Associate Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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